![]() ![]() A systematic review of randomised controlled trials comparing ipratropium bromide alone, or in combination with short-acting beta 2-agonists, against short-acting beta 2-agonists alone found significant benefits for regimens containing ipratropium bromide ( Appleton 2006a). The duration of action of short-acting muscarinic antagonists (formerly known as anticholinergics) is greater than short-acting beta 2-agonists. The word ‘anticholinergic’ suffers from pharmacodynamic approximation and should be replaced by ‘antimuscarinic’ (if we consider the involved receptor) or ‘atropinic’ (in relation to the pharmacodynamics effects of this drug class) ( Montastruc 2010). They only block the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine. O1.1.2 Short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA)īronchodilators such as ipratropium, tiotropium, glycopyrronium, aclidinium and umeclidinium are not ‘anticholinergics’ since they are unable to antagonize the effects of acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors. All Papers Considered for Citation in COPD-X.Appendix 6: Table of Systematic Reviews Evaluating the Effect of Self-Management in COPD.Appendix 5 – Table of Minimum Clinically Important Differences (MCID).Appendix 4 – Strategies that may assist in reminding people to reduce sedentary time.Appendix 2 – Explanation of inhaler devices.Appendix 1 – Use and doses of long-term inhaled bronchodilator and corticosteroids determined in response trials.Uptake and impact of guidelines for exacerbations X3.5 Develop post-discharge plan and follow-up.X3.2.1 Humidified nasal high flow therapy (hNHF).Refer appropriately to prevent further deterioration (‘P’) X2.2.4 Combined systemic corticosteroids and antibiotics for treatment of exacerbation.X2.2.3 Antibiotics for treatment of exacerbations.X2.2.2 Systemic corticosteroids for treatment of exacerbations.X2.2.1 Inhaled bronchodilators for treatment of exacerbations.X2.1 Confirm exacerbation and categorise severity.D1.7 Clinical psychologist/psychiatrist.D1.3 GP practice nurse/ nurse practitioner/ respiratory educator/ respiratory nurse.P11 Long-term home non-invasive ventilation.Humidification therapy and nasal high flow (NHF) therapy P2.3 Haemophilus influenzae immunisation.P1.2.5 Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). ![]()
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